machines

Title Age Country General description Machine code Modern name Name number other names Period Title Type Use Location
Tadeo-Irun Imperial Spain During the excavations at Tadeo Murgia-Irun, a piece of force-pump (a valve) recovered from the archaeological sediments at the Roman port Oiasso Tadeo Murgia-Irun Ctesibius Bomba-force pump I AD-II AD Tadeo-Irun force pump unknown
Les Laurons Roman France Saint-Pierre/ Les Laurons (Les Arcs) water wheel II -IIIAD Les Laurons wheel with compartmented rim cereal
Barbegal water mill complex Roman France 16 water mills Barbegal overshot mill II -IIIAD Barbegal water mill complex wheel with compartmented rim grinding flour
Syracuse Greek Sicily Archimedean screw for draining water for King Heron´s ship Archimedian screw II BC-early I BC Syracuse bilge-pump dewater water from the wheat freighter ship
Puerto Del Palo Roman Spain three aqueducts were build to wash the overburden. I BC-III AD Puerto Del Palo
Wadi Mourrat mine Coptic Egypt ore washing installations with inclined washing tables and decantation tanks have been found at the Wadi Mourrat with shaduf installation Shaduf Wadi Mourrat mine shadūf ore washing
Wadi Mourrat mine Coptic Egypt ore washing installations with inclined washing tables and decantation tanks have been found at the Wadi Mourrat with shaduf installation Shaduf Wadi Mourrat mine shadūf ore washing
Tel-Dor Roman Israel In three different sites found at least four saqiya mechanism. Most of them are dated to Roman period (2nd-3rd century and 1st century) Te-Dor Saqiya mechanism I BC-III AD Tel-Dor saqiya for agriculture
Tel-Ashdod Late Roman Israel Tel-Ashdod saqiya mechanism II-V AD Tel-Ashdod saqiya
Yavne-Yam Late Roman Israel Yavne-Yam; Hellenistic-Roman city, ancient port of Yavne saqiya installation probably used for irrigational purpose however there is also a Roman bath. Yavne saqiya mechanism II-V AD Yavne-Yam saqiya for agriculture
Diyateh Roman Syria Roman/Late Roman remains of several mills in Diyateh, reputedly Roman or late Roman according to locals (Sadler, 1990) mills II-V AD Diyateh waterwheel
Caesarea Roman Israel Vertical wheeled mills on dam (Oleson 1985) watermills I AD-II AD Caesarea waterwheel
Caesarea Late Roman Israel 4th century or later Possible turbine mill (Schioler 1989) watermill III-IV AD Caesarea waterwheel
Antioch Late Roman Turkey literary reference to mill Libanius (Wilson, 2001) Antakya watermill II-IV AD Antioch waterwheel
Amida Late Roman Turkey literary reference to mill 4th century Ammianus Marcellinus (Wilson, 2001) Diyarbakir watermill II-IV AD Amida waterwheel
Qobi Roman Israel Wikander, 1985 Al Qabu watermill I AD-II AD Qobi waterwheel
Ashqelon Late Roman Israel circular installation with pit in centre with several fragments of saqiya vessels (more than 1 saqiya pots) Ayalon et al 2000 Ashkelon II-V AD Ashqelon saqiya pot
Apollonia Late Roman Israel Late Roman number of saqiya is not known Ayalon et al, 2000 Arsuf II-V AD Apollonia saqiya pot
al-Andarin Late Roman Syria Bathouse Late Roman Saqiya pots (60+) Androna II-V AD al-Andarin saqiya pot to lift water for Roman bath
Aleppo Late Roman Syria Late Roman Stray finds (more than tow saqiya pots) II-V AD Aleppo saqiya pot
Cheziv Late Roman Israel Late Roman Ayalon et al. 2000 Akhziv II-V AD Cheziv saqiya pot
Cilurnum Roman United Kingdom a Roman fort on Hadrian´s wall The rest of the remains are dated to Hadrian´s period The mill complex is from 3rd century AD. Walwick, Northumberland, Chesters waterwheel II-V AD Cilurnum waterwheel for a bath (?)
Uthina (Oudna) Imperial Tunisia a Roman mosaic floor, a depiction of a shaduf in use for irrigation at House of Laberii the original mosaic floor is now in Bordo museum Oudna shaduf I AD-II AD Uthina (Oudna) shadūf irrigation
Nineveh Persian Iraq relief from the Palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh 7th century BC two banks of shadufs raising water from river for irrigation Tigris and Khosr junction Shaduf 7th century BC Nineveh shadūf irrigation
Saalburg Roman Germany The buckets and pulleys were foung, most likely were in use for raising water from the wells (at least 99 wells were excavated). Bad Homburg buckets and pulleys I-II AD Saalburg bucket-chain raise water from a well
Günz Roman Germany 2nd or 3rd century altar erected at Günzburg in Bavaria by the molinarii who utilized water from river Günz watermill II-III AD Günz waterwheel grain-mill
Walbrook Roman United Kingdom Walbrook, London date: late first or second century? I AD-II AD Walbrook waterwheel
Benevento Roman Italy early 2nd century ? (Johannowsky 1994) I-II AD Benevento waterwheel
S. Giovanni di Ruoti Roman Italy the earliest archaeologically attested water-mill date: early first century (Small and Buck 1994, 49) San Giovanni I AD S. Giovanni di Ruoti waterwheel
Dasing I Roman Germany Dasing I, Bavaria date: 115? waterwheel I AD-II AD Dasing I waterwheel grinding flour
Ickham, Kent Roman United Kingdom waterwheel Ca. 150 AD Ickham, Kent waterwheel grain-mill
Haltwhistle Burn Roman United Kingdom 3rd century mill large blocks of basalt was presumably intented to raise water-level of the stream close to Hadrian´s wall, remains are now at the museum in Chesters Roman fort Northumberland undershot waterwheel II-III AD Haltwhistle Burn waterwheel grinding flour
Nettleton mill Roman United Kingdom it was replaced by a turbine mill from 3rd century? Wiltshire undershot wheel fed by Broadmead Brook II -IIIAD Nettleton mill waterwheel grist mill
Crocodilion River (Nahal Tanninim) Roman Israel mill dated by C14 to A.D. 345/380 twin, vertical-wheeled mill at the Crocodilion River Crocodilion river , Palestine horizontal-wheeled mills with drop-tower (arubah penstock) III-IV AD Crocodilion River (Nahal Tanninim) waterwheel grain-mill
Lösnich I-II Roman Germany Breastshot wheel mill II-IV AD Lösnich I-II waterwheel grain-mill
Les Martres-de-Veyre Roman France the water was derived from a river as far as 2,5 km time: late second century A.D. breastshot wheel mill I-II AD Les Martres-de-Veyre waterwheel grain-mill
Avenches Imperial switzerland undershot watermill undershot watermill I-II AD Avenches waterwheel
Venafro Roman Italy possibly early empire undershot water wheel with millstone Jacono 1938 sinter incrustation Molise first quarter of I BC and second half of I AD Venafro wheel with compartmented rim grinding flour
Vindolanda Roman United Kingdom Vindolanda-auxiliary fort (castrum) Bardon mill waterwheel I AD-II AD Vindolanda waterwheel grain-mill
cripplegate Roman United Kingdom The military activity may well be involved here with the construction of an aquedcut and conjectured water-mills Cripplegate waterwheel I AD-II AD cripplegate waterwheel corn-mill
Troia Imperial Portugal A Roman fish salting complex Grândola tread-wheel with compartmented rim I AD-II AD Troia wheel with compartmented rim lifting water for the fish tanks
Cartagena Roman Spain possibly waterwheel and most likely a foce-pump for jet water. Gold mine I BC-III AD Cartagena waterwheel
Vipasca Roman Portugal The finds have been distributed among the museums of Aljustrel and Beja, and the National Museum of Archaeology and the Geological Service in Lisbon. waterwheel? II -IIIAD Vipasca waterwheel raising water from lower levels to the upper channels or shafts
Sétif Roman Algeria an inscription found from a building mentioned on a repair during 388-392 AD. The repair was involved with a building where an oven was for bread baking and related with annonae. There was also possibly repairs on the mills and cleaning of inluviae( flood deposits=sinter?) pointed a watercourse too. III-IV AD Sétif waterwheel
Testour Roman Tunisia along River Medjerda, horizontal wheeled mills : two triple helix-turbines at Chemtou and Testour two helix-turbine mill installations of almost identical type, each with three mill-races date: late 3rd or early 4th century AD III-IV AD Testour waterwheel
Chemtou Roman Tunisia horizontal wheeled mill: triple helix turbine date: late 3rd or early 4th century AD. late III-IV Chemtou waterwheel
Beroea Imperial Greece Veria II AD (second half of II) Beroea wheel with compartmented rim
Conimbriga Imperial Portugal remains of the mill wheel is at the museum of Conimbriga 500 water-jets (Force pump) for decorative pools? I AD Conimbriga wheel with compartmented rim
Hit Iraq Noria (five wheels working on the shaft) on the right bank of Euphrates and still in use today. Hit noria
Tuna el Gebel Roman or Coptic Egypt a saqiya mechanism Tuna-el Gebel saqiya I BC Tuna el Gebel saqiya raising water for irrigatation
Santo Domingos Imperial Portugal Remains of ten or twelve wheels with compartmented rim V? Santo Domingos tread-wheel with compartmented rim draining the Roman mine shaft
Planes Roman Spain Planes wheels with compartmented rim I AD-II AD Planes tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering from the mine
Hawara Roman Jordan Small Nabataean settlement, dates back to 1 st BC. halfway between Petra and Aqaba Became "Provincia Arabia" in and after AD 106 and Trajan´s forces built a major fort for administration of the region. There is also a Roman aqueduct Humayma unknown water-lifting machine II -IIIAD Hawara to raise water
Deir el-Kahf Roman Southern Syria (Jordan) Roman fort (Monastry of Caves), 45 km from Azraq, Eastern Desert, Jordan several evidence of existince of lakkos (pool) and agogos (aqueduct channel) Hauran, Southern Syria shaduf III-IV AD Deir el-Kahf shadūf to raise water from a reservoir
Guédelon Medieval period France remains of 189 wooden aparatures discovered in 2008, in Thervay (Jura), some 30 km from Roman city Besançon two watermills; one from the Carolingian period and another one is from 12th century. wheel's camshaft is supported by a device called a Chéveceau Treigny watermill 11th-12th century Guédelon wheel with compartmented rim produce flour for bread oven
Ayni (between Carchemish and Samsat) Roman Turkey water-screw installation to a small fort on the Euphrates river a Roman inscription from AD 73 showed that Vespasian and Titus had constructed a water-screw water-screw I AD-II AD Ayni (between Carchemish and Samsat) water-screw (κοΧλιας)
Cabira (Niksar) Turkey a Norse watermill described by Strabo XII 3,30 (in Geography) at Cabeira on the Lycoa in Pontus, Mithridates palace. Date: 65 BC Niksar water-mill I BC Cabira (Niksar) corn-mill
Arminna West post-Roman Egypt Saqiya pots; Date:IV-XI IV-XI Arminna West
qua and badari Imperial Egypt I AD-II AD qua and badari saqiya pot
Armant 1-Hermonthis Egypt installation for gear-driven pot-garland? date:late IV? late III-IV Armant 1-Hermonthis pot-garland
Apamea Syria representation of water driven wheel with compartmented rim from AD 469 which depict water driven wheels in Hama, Syria 5th-century mosaic from Apamea This mosaic, found in the east portico of the grand colonnade, seems to depict a wheel with a compartmented rim in a rural or garden scene with strong local elements (eg a camel caravan). II-V AD Apamea wheel with compartmented rim irrigation
Alcaracejos Post-Roman? Spain Tres Naciones mine remains of water-screw with crank handle? date:post-Roman? Alcaracejos water-screw (κοΧλιας) to dewater the mine
Abu Mena 2 post-Roman Egypt installation for gear-driven pot-garland; saqiya pots; date:V-VI? Der Palast II-V AD Abu Mena 2
Abu Mena 1 post-Roman Egypt two saqiya gears and one tread-wheel, driving pot-garlands, Date: V-VI pot-garland Der große Dopplebad II-V AD Abu Mena 1 pot-garland
Alexandria Roman Egypt Representation of a gear-driven wheel with compartmented rim in a fresco depiction was found at western necropolis Now in the Graeco-Roman museum, Alexandria Augustan or later (about the time of the birth of Christ) I BC Alexandria wheel with compartmented rim
Saepinum Roman Italy Les installations artisanales romaines de SAEPINUM. Tannerie et moulin hydraulique by Brun and Leguilloux described the sinter from the mill run that it is consisted of three different stage of activity 1.cleaning of the mill from the incrustation 2.drying out of channel due to interruption in the water flow 3. erosion (weathering of sinter) surfaces due to be out of order. Mid I AD Saepinum waterwheel grain-mill
Speronari Imperial Italy the well where the pump was found dated to 2nd-4th A.D. the pump can be from same period it was not in operational position but it can not be used as fire-extinguisher since it has long and narrow liners Spe-Fp Milan II-IV AD Speronari force pump raising water for irrigatation
Périgueux Imperial France the date of the pump relies on the dates of finds from the well. The well was dug-first half of the 1st c. A.D. the well was very close to the kitchen of the domus and could have been connected to them by a set of pipes. (to raise water) the pump was dumped ( jeteé) into the well, however evidence suggests that the pump was found in its operating position (Stein 2014) the Périgueux pump show many feautures which indicate an innovative approach, which adapts the generic design to make the pump more robust, easier to manufacture, to instal and repair. II AD (second half of II) Périgueux force pump to raise water from the well it was found.
Bertrange Roman Luxembourg the betrange pump was used in a fixed-installation at ground level to raise water to a header tank, later placed in the newly dug well in the fort to raise water from it. Bert-Fp Bertrange force pump II-III AD Bertrange force pump raising water
Altinum Imperial Italy Alti-screw Altino Archimedean screw (water screw) Altinum water-screw (κοΧλιας) dewatering the sea water
Tivoli, Hadrian´s villa , ‘Small Baths’ Roman Italy Hypothetical 'pumping apparatus' (probably incorrect ) next to a probable nymphaeum , room F has a hydraulic apparatus which served room E (nymphaeum) siphon tank or some kind of pumping apparatus. room F : a siphon tank or some kind of pumping apparatus room E: fountain or water organ. Some sort of hydraulic device may have been present, but not a pump (Oleson personal comment.) Hadri-Pa Tivoli Hadrian´s villa , ‘Small Baths’ 202 121-126 Tivoli, Hadrian´s villa , ‘Small Baths’ -- not categorized -- for a nymphaeum
Cap Del Vol Wreck (Near Puerto De La Selva, Gerona) Spain Roman Spain Remains of a chain-pump similar to pump found at the wreck of Los Ullastres Capdelvol Cap Del Vol Wreck (Near Puerto De La Selva, Gerona) Spain 218 Late I BC Cap Del Vol Wreck (Near Puerto De La Selva, Gerona) Spain chain-pump worked as a bilge-pump?
Baie de Cavalaire Wreck (Le Lavandou, Near Var, France) Roman France shipwreck; remains of chain-pump (probably incorrect) Baie Baie de Cavalaire Wreck (Le Lavandou, Near Var, France) chain-pump 212 Ca 100 BC Baie de Cavalaire Wreck (Le Lavandou, Near Var, France) chain-pump dewatering as bilge-pump
Hamá, Syria post-Roman Syria water-driven or hydraulic noria developed at Byzantine period however a mosaic from Apamea, dating to 469 AD, speculate that they are older than Byzantine. (Another opinion: they were started in the Ayyubid dynasty in around the twelfth century and enlarged in the Mamluk era of the fourteenth.) the rims of the largest wheels consist of 120 compartments. Hamá Hamá, Syria 233 Hamá, Syria noria to lift water in to small aqueducts to irrigate the fields surrounding the Syrian city
Cyrene (Libya) Graeco-Roman Lybia Ritual bath was connected to female worship of Artemis, there is a shaft which opens on a rock-cut water-tunnel fed by springs. bucket-chain installation (probably it turned by treading a vertical wheel? the rock-cut chambers seems to be Hellenistic, replacement during the empire by means of maintenance Cyrene Cyrene (Libya) 227 IV BC-Roman Cyrene (Libya) bucket-chain the cistern was served by a bucket-chain in the shaft
Ehnasya (Egypt) Roman and Coptic Egypt Saqiya pot Roman or Coptic? found in a Roman house Ehnasya Ehnasya (Egypt) 232 Ihnasya el-Medina, Heracleopolis Magna I-II AD Ehnasya (Egypt) saqiya
Trier 1 (Fleischstraße) Imperial Germany Wood-block force-pump no evidence to date however three Roman pumps from Trier dated to 3rd c A.D. and two more are dated to 3rd-4th c. A.D. therefore it should be also in that range Tri-Fp1 Trier 1 (Fleischstraße) 203 III-IV AD Trier 1 (Fleischstraße) force pump to raise water from the well it was found.
Cap Des Mèdes Wreck (Near Hyères) France Roman France Sump and collecting basin for bilge-pump? Cap Des Mèdes Cap Des Mèdes Wreck (Near Hyères) France 219 I BC? Cap Des Mèdes Wreck (Near Hyères) France bilge-pump dewatering bilge water from the ship
Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) Roman United Kingdom Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum, 12 km south of Reading Silc-Fp Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) 197 II-V AD Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) force pump
Thebes post-Roman Egypt Numerous saqiya pots the excavators of the monastery report that saqiya pots and fragments of pots were found “everywhere” on the site. The-Sq Thebes 201 VI-VII Thebes saqiya pot maybe not for lifting water
Wederath-Hunsrück (Vicus Belginum, Trier Area) Roman Germany Wood-block force pump Huns-Fp Wederath-Hunsrück (Vicus Belginum, Trier Area) 208 Ca 247 Wederath-Hunsrück (Vicus Belginum, Trier Area) force pump
Verespatak (Katelin Monulesti mine) Roman Romania (Mt. Orla, Roșia Abrudului, Alburnus Maior, Roșia Montană, Romania) Remains of a wheel with compartmented rim; installations for twenty-five pairs of similar wheels? Veres-W Verespatak (Katelin Monulesti mine) 206 II AD (second half of II) Verespatak (Katelin Monulesti mine) tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Sotiel Coronada 2 (Valverde del Camino) Imperial Spain Three or four water-screws possibly served by a bucket-chain which was driven by a tread-wheel (Oleson) *Schioler mentions that a bucket-chain would have been necessary in order to supply sufficientwater to the water screws mounted above SoCo2-Ws Sotiel Coronada 2 (Valverde del Camino) 199 I AD Sotiel Coronada 2 (Valverde del Camino) water-screw (κοΧλιας)
Brad (Ruda Barza, Romania)Ana-Erbstollen mine Roman Romania Remains of two wheels with compartmented rim Brad Brad (Ruda Barza, Romania) Ana-Erbstollen mine 216 II-III? Brad (Ruda Barza, Romania)Ana-Erbstollen mine tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Zlatna (Stanija mine) Roman Romania Remains of a wheel with compartmented rim According to V. Wollmann , of Cluj, fragments of a Roman water-lifting wheel similar to the Verespatak device were found in the mine, ancient Ampelum Zlat-W Zlatna (Stanija mine) 209 II-III? Zlatna (Stanija mine) tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Saqqara (Monastery of Apa Jeremias) Roman Egypt 'Leather bucket from a water-wheel' SAQ-Ww Saqqara (Monastery of Apa Jeremias 196 VIII-IX? Saqqara (Monastery of Apa Jeremias) waterwheel not mentioned??
Beaune (Haute Vienne, France) Imperial France Roman water screw from the gold mine at Beaune Bea-ws Beaune (Haute Vienne, France) 210 I AD Beaune (Haute Vienne, France) water-screw (κοΧλιας) dewatering from the mine
Botiz (Kreis Hunedoara, Romania) Roman Romania Remains of the tread wheel with compartmented rim Botiz Botiz (Kreis Hunedoara, Romania) 215 II-III AD Botiz (Kreis Hunedoara, Romania) tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Babylon (Iraq), Gewölbebau Roman Iraq Tread-wheel and hand-driven bucket-chains (probably incorrect) Babylon 1 Babylon (Iraq), Gewölbebau 211 early VI BC Babylon (Iraq), Gewölbebau -- not categorized -- for irrigation (bucket-chains in the hanging garden)
Tharsis Imperial Spain Fourteen wheels with compartmented rim (the wheels are mounted in the same manner as the examples at Rio Tinto Tar-W Tharsis 200 I AD Tharsis tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Bucium, Alba Julia district (Romania) Roman Romania Sf Petru si Pavel mine Bucium Bucium, Alba Julia district (Romania) 217 II -IIIAD Bucium, Alba Julia district (Romania) tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Dolaucothi (Wales) Roman United Kingdom Tread-wheel with compartmented rim date:late first or early second century only one piece of a board which was part of the rim was recovered a gold mine show similarity with its design to Spanish and Portuguese wheels. water-power may have been used for the ore-crushing machinery on the surface at Dolaucothi Dolaucothi Dolaucothi (Wales) 229 I-II AD Dolaucothi (Wales) tread-wheel with compartmented rim ore-crushing machinery
Cosa 2 Roman Italy two stages of a bucket-chain driven by a human-powered saqiya gear Cosa 2 Cosa 2 226 first quarter of I BC and second half of I AD Cosa 2 bucket-chain
Cosa 1 Roman Italy Acropolis baths elevated cistern, shaft, and water channel strongly suggests the presence of a bucket-chain installation? Cosa 1 Cosa 1 (Italy) 225 Ca 150-125 BC Cosa 1 bucket-chain to lift water for the baths
Sotiel Coronada 1 (Valverde del Camino) Imperial Spain SoCo1-Fp Sotiel Coronada 1 (Valverde del Camino) 198 I AD Sotiel Coronada 1 (Valverde del Camino) force pump spreying water to cut rocks
Santo Domingos Imperial Portugal Remains of ten or twelve wheels with compartmented rim SD-W Santo Domingos 195 V? Santo Domingos waterwheel dewatering the mine
Egypt 1-2-3 Imperial? United Kingdom Egypt1 representation of a water-screw Egypt2 Model of water-screw(not in the British Museum anymore) Egypt3 Saqiya pawl (possibly an incorrect identification) Egypt 1-2-3 Egypt 1-2-3 231 I AD Egypt 1-2-3 -- not categorized --
St.Malo (Brittany) Roman France a Roman port, just SW of St. Malo, Reginca it seems like the installation was ambitious, may even bronze rather than lead or iron. In conclusion, St. Malo examples are an attempt to produce a novel and prestigious installation, which did not live up to expectations. Malo-Fp St.Malo (Brittany) 194 20-270 AD St.Malo (Brittany) force pump to raise water from the small basin to a higher level of a pipeline or a channel, which led to a point where containers carried on carts were filled.
Trier 2 (Amphitheatre) Roman Germany Tri-Fp2 Trier 2 (Amphitheatre) 204 III-IV AD Trier 2 (Amphitheatre) force pump
Trier 3 (Heiligkreuz) Roman Germany Tti-Fp3 Trier 3 (Heiligkreuz) 205 III-IV AD Trier 3 (Heiligkreuz) force pump
Bolsena 1-2-3 metal force pumps Roman Italy villa of Liberius Gallus, near Bolsena (Central Italy) Bolsena 1 and 2 similar to Castrum Novum but 3 shows different structure Bolsena 1-2-3 Bolsena 1-2-3 metal force pumps 214 3rd c. A.D. ? Bolsena 1-2-3 metal force pumps Bronze force-pump
Wadi Es-Sebua and Adindan (Nubia) Roman Egypt Saqiya pots During the survey between Wadi Es-Sebua and Adindan at least one coarse red-ware saqiya pot was recovered. Es-SebuAdi-Sq Wadi Es-Sebua and Adindan (Nubia) 207 late III-IV Wadi Es-Sebua and Adindan (Nubia) saqiya
Castrum Novum (Chiaruccia, Santa Marinella) Imperial Italy a force pump near Civita Vecchia , N of Rome Casrum Novum Castrum Novum (Chiaruccia, Santa Marinella) 221 I AD Castrum Novum (Chiaruccia, Santa Marinella) force pump the pump was used to raise water for the public baths
Ballana and Qustul (Nubia) Coptic Egypt Saqiya pots Ballana Ballana and Qustul (Nubia) 213 V -VI BC Ballana and Qustul (Nubia) saqiya
Ciudad Real Area (Spain) Post-Roman? Spain Diógenes mine, fragment of water-screw Ciudad Ciudad Real Area (Spain) 222 Ciudad Real Area (Spain) water-screw (κοΧλιας) dewatering as bilge-pump
Cordoba Area 2 Post-Roman? Spain Rica Romanas mine Saqiya pot (the shape bears much more resemblance to Islamic than to Roman) Cordoba 2 Cordoba Area 2 223 Cordoba Area 2 saqiya
Cordoba Area 1 (Spain) Imperial? Spain Cerro Muriano mine Remains of several water-screws Cordoba 1 Cordoba Area 1 (Spain) 224 I AD Cordoba Area 1 (Spain) water-screw (κοΧλιας) pumping
Dakka (Nubia) Egypt Saqiya pots Dakka Dakka (Nubia) 228 IV BC ? Dakka (Nubia) saqiya
Dramont 1-2-3-4 (St.Raphael ) Roman France the four pump elements were found at the ship wreck four pumps are more or less identical. They have only one cylinder and very small. Dramont Dramont 1-2-3-4 (St.Raphael ) 230 c. A.D.50 Dramont 1-2-3-4 (St.Raphael ) bilge-pump pump the bilge water of the ship
Memphis (Mit-Rahineh) Imperial? Egypt Representation of water-screw in operation. date: Imperial? Mem-Ws Memphis (Mit-Rahineh) 171 I AD Memphis (Mit-Rahineh) -- not categorized --
La Madrague De Giens Wreck, Var Roman France the well for the bilge-pump was uncovered in a good state of preservation, but the pump itself was missing? Madragu-Fp La Madrague De Giens Wreck, Var 150 I BC La Madrague De Giens Wreck, Var bilge-pump dewatering
Leptis Magna (Hunting baths) Roman Lybia unknown mechanical lifting devices (water-wheel or water-screw) Hunting baths AD 200-363 LM-Ww-Ws? Leptis Magna (Hunting baths) 153 III-IV AD Leptis Magna (Hunting baths) -- not categorized -- for a bath
Ostia 3 (Terme della Trinacria) Roman Italy Terme della Trinacria Installation for pot-garland and compartmented wheel the wheel was lifting water to a cistern. After some time the wheel was replaced by a pot-garland carried by a wheel the baths are Hadrianic Ost3-CwPg Ostia 3 (Terme della Trinacria) 180 Ostia 3 (Terme della Trinacria) pot-garland providing water for a Roman bath
Kafr-Manda (Galilee, Israel) Israel a number of small saqiya pots were found at the bottom of a silted well in the Kafr-Manda * most likely a pot-garland installation. Kafr-Sq Kafr-Manda (Galilee, Israel) 148 IV BC-VI BC? Kafr-Manda (Galilee, Israel) pot-garland unknown
Ostia 2 (Terme del Mithra) Roman Italy Installation for two or three tread-wheels with compartmented rim a cistern fed a wheel an aqueduct was feeding another wheel Ost2-Tw2 Ostia 2 (Terme del Mithra) 179 Hadrianic and later Ostia 2 (Terme del Mithra) wheel with compartmented rim
Mazarrón, Murcia Imperial Spain Esperanza mine / Bucket-chain container (incorrect interpretation) Ma-Bc? Mazarrón, Murcia 158 Mazarrón, Murcia -- not categorized --
Hermoupolis 1 Egypt it was located in the centre of the temple “Touna el Gebel” *the water was provided by an adjacent well served by two well pulleys (?) and a gear driven pot garland or bucket-chain a ground level fountain was driven by a chain containers turned by a saqiya gear. * two machines were required here due to the great depth of the well (88m) Heris-Bc2 Hermoupolis 1 Bc2 146 I BC-II BC? Hermoupolis 1 bucket-chain to fill the fountain basin
Nemi 1 Italy two bucket-chain pumps with cranks and flywheels (inaccurate restoration) Nem1-Bc Nemi 1 175 second quarter of I (I AD-II AD) Nemi 1 bucket-chain drain the bilge
Rome 2 (Antiquario comunale) Imperial Italy Bronze force pump, Lanciani reports the presence of ‘una pompa aspirante e premente’ in room VI of the newly opened Antiquario Comunale in the Orto Botanico near Coliseum location is not known exactly pump with a single,double acting, piston, which travels to and from in one cylinder 30 metal parts put together by soldering, Schioler 1989 Ro2-Bp Rome 2 (Antiquario comunale) 192 I AD Rome 2 (Antiquario comunale) Bronze force-pump
Herculaneum Julio-Claudian Italy *Maiuri (1958) suggested hand drawing a small amount of water at the ground level however the major supply was done by a tread-wheel driven bucket chain at second floor. * Lead pipes was carried water from a series of cistern to the heating tanks and cold plunge * Casa dell albergo a private house in the town driven water from a wheel. Her-Bc1 Herculaneum Bc1 145 Herculaneum bucket-chain to lift water for “Terme del Foro”
Londinium (London) Roman United Kingdom two water lifting machine at Gresham Street (GHT00) 1)possibly the one built in about AD63, was a chain of buckets operated by a simple treadwheel (it may have been operated by a geared shaft that was powered by animals) 2)Ironwork found in the cistern formed part of a sturdy bucket chain mechanism from AD110, similarity with Vitruvius one as a double iron chain (duplex ferrea catena). the ironwork suggest that the system was operated either by man power or animal power. GHT00 Londinium (London) GHT00 167 I AD-II AD Londinium (London) bucket-chain for a Roman bath
Posadas (Santa Bárbara mine) Imperial Spain Four water screws a number of small copper buckets that drew water to be channeled to the lowest screw although publications do not indicate the presence of a bucket chain Posa-Ws Posadas (Santa Bárbara mine) 189 Posadas (Santa Bárbara mine) water-screw (κοΧλιας) dewatering the water
Pointe de la Luque Wreck B, (Near Marseille) France Roman France installation for a bilge-pump? a wooden block was mounted on the ship´s frames with its long axis parallel to the keel PLW-Bp Pointe de la Luque Wreck B, (Near Marseille) France 186 III-IV AD Pointe de la Luque Wreck B, (Near Marseille) France bilge-pump dewatering bilge water from the ship
Perachora Roman Greece Installation for three tread-wheel driven bucket-chains and a wheel with compartmented rim (incorrect restoration) it was part of a sophisticated water-supply system. A runnel was seems to be connected with the ground level openings of the three long, narrow shafts and these must have been provided by a water lifting devices. Due to the great depth, only bucket and windlass or bucket chain system were the reasonable solutions. the earliest example of water driven wheel. Pera-Tw Perachora 183 300 BC Perachora wheel with compartmented rim providing water
Port-Vendres: L´anse Gerbal Wreck 1 Roman France ´Remains of a chain-pump` and sump? several dozen thick wooden rings or disc together with a number of pulley-blocks ad ropes for rigging were found in the wreck towards the end of the hull there is a large circular opening but it does not seem to be large enough for a chain pump , therefore could have been a FORCE-PUMP! PVG-Cp Port-Vendres: L´anse Gerbal Wreck 1 188 313-400 Port-Vendres: L´anse Gerbal Wreck 1 chain-pump dewatering bilge water
Ostia 5 (Isola Sacra) Imperial? Italy Installation for tread-wheel with compartmented rim date:Imperial? In a bath(?) structure between “Isola Sacra and Trajan´s Harbour” Ost5-Tw3 Ostia 5 (Isola Sacra) 182 I AD Ostia 5 (Isola Sacra) wheel with compartmented rim to provide water for a bath
León (Spain) Imperial Spain In a mine in León, a number of water-wheels powered by two rows of ten slaves Leo-Cw1 León (Spain) 152 1st BC-3rd AD León (Spain) tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Ostia 4 (Terme dell´Invidioso) Roman Italy Installation for two tread-wheels with compartmented rims there are calcareous sinter deposits on the north and south walls as a result of seepage from the reservoir. Maybe the treader sat on a beam level with the wheel axle and worked the treads with hands and feet. the structure may have used some time in Julio-Claudian foundations, but the main lines date to the middle of the second century Ost4-TwC Ostia 4 (Terme dell´Invidioso) 181 Ca. 150 AD Ostia 4 (Terme dell´Invidioso) wheel with compartmented rim provide water for a Roman bath or a fountain
Plakalnica (Bulgaria) Post-Roman? Bulgaria Wooden barrel of a suction pump (probably inccrrect-no evidence of a suction pump from antiquity,) Plaka-Sp Plakalnica (Bulgaria) 184 Plakalnica (Bulgaria) -- not categorized -- to dewater the mine
Los Ullastres Wreck (Near Calella-Llfranch, Gerona) Roman Spain Hero mentions a “chain” as an alternative to the “many-bucket” for draining deep holes but these terms can be shown to refer to the “bucket-chain” and “wheel with compartmented rim” respectively. *there is no evidence for chain-pump to be known before of the Renainssance Los-Cp? Los Ullastres Wreck (Near Calella-Llfranch, Gerona) 157 I AD Los Ullastres Wreck (Near Calella-Llfranch, Gerona) chain-pump
Oberstimm (Near Pfaffenhofen A.D. Ilm) Roman Germany Installation for compartmented wheel? no remains Ober-Cw Oberstimm (Near Pfaffenhofen A.D. Ilm) 177 40-50 AD Oberstimm (Near Pfaffenhofen A.D. Ilm) -- not categorized -- water supply for a Roman camp
Nemi 2 Roman Egypt valved-piston suction pump (incorrect restoration) Shapiro has shown in considerable detail that this pump is impossible to be exist. Nem2-Sp Nemi 2 176 second quarter of I AD Nemi 2 suction pump dewater bilge water
Pompeii 5 (Terme dell´etá repubblicana) Roman Italy Installation for a tread-wheel-driven bucket-chain? the well shaft located in the centre of a second century bath structure that may have remained in use to the earthquake of 62 AD the south and west walls contain sinter Pom5-Bc Pompeii 5 (Terme dell´etá repubblicana) 187 late II-early I BC Pompeii 5 (Terme dell´etá repubblicana) -- not categorized -- for providing water to a Roman bath
Rio Tinto (Minas De Rio Tinto, Spain 1) Roman Spain Nineteen reverse overshot wheels with compartmented rim RioT-OW Rio Tinto (Minas De Rio Tinto, Spain 1) 159 Rio Tinto (Minas De Rio Tinto, Spain 1) tread-wheel with compartmented rim dewatering the mine
Minas dos Mouros post-Roman Portugal Pumping stations (incorrect identification) Post-Roman? MdM-Ps Minas dos Mouros 173 Minas dos Mouros -- not categorized --
Sablon (Metz) Roman France the pump was found in 1905, near village of Sablon, on the southern outskirts of Metz (eastern France), about 1.5km from its centre. Sablon name: the area is known for its sandy ground Sab-Fp Sablon (Metz) 172 III-IV AD Sablon (Metz) force pump it raised water for pottery making
Ptolemais (Cyrenaica) (Palazzo delle Colonne) Roman Lybia Bucket-chain installation? two cisterns with lining of hydraulic cement flank the north and sides of a well with two square openings the drive system of such a device would have been a treadmill Cyr-Bc Ptolemais (Cyrenaica) (Palazzo delle Colonne) 190 I AD or II AD Ptolemais (Cyrenaica) (Palazzo delle Colonne) -- not categorized -- to provide water for a Roman bath
Medinet Habu 1 (Egypt) Roman and Coptic Egypt well served by a gear-driven bucket-chain? I-IV? MH1-Bc Medinet Habu 1 (Egypt) 169 I BC-IV BC? Medinet Habu 1 (Egypt) -- not categorized --
Barzan Roman France gearing, wood of a bucket chain found http://archeovision.cnrs.fr/pdf/vr03_pdf/03_coadic.pdf Bar-Bc Barzan 168 149-166 Barzan bucket-chain
Rome 1 (Località Colle Mentuccia) Imperial Italy the pump was found at the bottom of a shaft, maybe one of those dug to construct Aqua Appia *no remains preserved *Stein's suggestion: the Mentuccia pump was an early design which less advanced than the generic design. *the piston design shows parallels with the pistons of the Zewen-Oberkirch pump Ro1-Fp Rome 1 (Località Colle Mentuccia) 193 I AD (this date is Stein's suggestion. Maybe it is even not a Roman pump) Rome 1 (Località Colle Mentuccia) force pump *1* raise water from a well 2*dewatering the chamber 3*fighting fire
Calpe (Spain) Roman Spain a noria bath quarter of Roman villa of Calpe date Roman Cal-No Calpe (Spain) 166 I AD Calpe (Spain) noria for providing water for a Roman bath
Pompeii 4 (Terme del foro) Roman Italy Installation for a tread-wheel driven bucket-chain date: Ca 80 BC lime incrustation along the walls of the well Pom4-Bc3 Pompeii 4 (Terme del foro) 165 I BC Pompeii 4 (Terme del foro) bucket-chain providing water for a bath
Pompeii 3 (Casa del Cambio) Roman Italy (Casa della Regina d´Inghilterra, Casa del Banchiere) installation for tread-wheel-driven two bucket-chains, possibly geared. the spring blocks of a traverse arch are visible in the north and south walls of the shaft and coated by lime incrustation Pom3-Bc2 Pompeii 3 (Casa del Cambio) 164 late II BC-early I BC Pompeii 3 (Casa del Cambio) ?
Pompeii 1 Roman Italy Representation of a water-screw in operation Casa di P. Cornelius Teges (Casa del Efebo) Pom1-Ws Pompeii 1 163 Pompeii 1 -- not categorized --
Pompeii 2 (Terme Stabiane) Roman Italy nstallation for tread-wheel-driven bucket chain , possibly geared the northeast shaft wall is heavily encrusted with lime deposited by water lifted within it. Pom2-Bc1 Pompeii 2 (Terme Stabiane) 162 II BC-early I BC Pompeii 2 (Terme Stabiane) bucket-chain
Planes(Rio Tinto Area?) Imperial? Spain Wheels with compartmented rims the reconstructed model suggests Davies is referring to the wheels at Rio Tinto, but the diameters are too small. Plan-Cw Planes(Rio Tinto Area?) 185 I AD-II AD Planes(Rio Tinto Area?) tread-wheel with compartmented rim to dewater the mine
Ampurias (Empúries ) Roman Spain a bucket chain for lifting water for a Roman bath Ampu-Bc Ampurias (Empúries ) 161 I AD Ampurias (Empúries ) bucket-chain providing water for a Roman bath
Kom Aushim,Karanis Graeco-Roman Egypt six saqiya pots (the earliest saqiya pots that can be dated) KomA-Sq Kom Aushim,Karanis 149 late III-early IV Kom Aushim,Karanis saqiya pot for agriculture
Benfeld (Alias Ehl-Kertzfeld, Strasbourg Area, ancient Helvetum, France) Imperial France storage vessel found in the well dates back to 2nd-3rd c. A.D. Kertzfeld in a Roman well (2km west of Benfeld, 25 km south west of Strasbourg, 10km west of the Rhine) Ben-Fp Benfeld (Alias Ehl-Kertzfeld, Strasbourg Area, ancient Helvetum, France) Benfeld pump 2 Kertzfeld II-III AD Benfeld (Alias Ehl-Kertzfeld, Strasbourg Area, ancient Helvetum, France) force pump to lift water
Rio tinto (Minas de Rio Tinto) Roman Spain Bucket from a bucket-chain (probably incorrect)? a globular, round-bottomed bronze bowl found in the Rio Tinto mines as a container from a chain of buckets of the type described by Vitruvius RioT-Bc Rio tinto (Minas de Rio Tinto) 160 I AD Rio tinto (Minas de Rio Tinto) bucket-chain draining water
Logroño, Old Castle Imperial Spain Wheel with compartmented rim Logro-Cw2 Logroño, Old Castle 156 I BC-III AD Logroño, Old Castle tread-wheel with compartmented rim draining the Roman mine shaft
Lincoln Roman United Kingdom since the Roman town located on a hill top, the water must have either been pushed through the pipeline by means of a force-pump or have flowed through an inverted siphon fed by a cistern most likely similar to Silchester pump with wood-block model *the use of the bucket-chain to fill the siphon probably would have allowed significantly greater discharge than the use of a pump, although its installation would have been more difficult. Linc-Fp&Bc? Lincoln 155 Late I? Lincoln force pump for drinking water
Hermoupolis2 Roman or Coptic Egypt four water towers that would have been filled by means of water-lifting devices. Heris-Sq2 Hermoupolis2 Sq2 147 Hermoupolis2 saqiya pot water-lifting fro the towers
Qau and Badari (Egypt) Imperial Egypt Two Saqiya pots QB-Sp Qau and Badari (Egypt) 191 I AD Qau and Badari (Egypt) saqiya
Ostia 1 (Terme del Foro) Roman Italy Installation for two tread-wheels with compartmented rim there is no water-lifting machine within the bath complex caseggiato della cisterna contains the remains of a wheel well and elevated cistern there are pipes Ost1-Tw1 Ostia 1 (Terme del Foro) 178 Ca 160-III Ostia 1 (Terme del Foro) wheel with compartmented rim for supplying water for a Roman bath
Linares area, Centenillo mine Imperial Spain Five water-screws Cento-Ws Linares area, Centenillo mine 154 I BC-III AD Linares area, Centenillo mine water-screw (κοΧλιας) draining water
Naukratis (Egypt) Imperial? Egypt Representation of tread-wheel-driven bucket-chain? a small terracotta (?) relief was found in a well Nauk-Bc Naukratis (Egypt) 174 I AD Naukratis (Egypt) bucket-chain raise water from a well
La Tradeliére wreck (near Cannes) Roman France the bronze force pump was found roughly in the centre of shipwreck. Trade-Bp La Tradeliére wreck (near Cannes) 151 I AD La Tradeliére wreck (near Cannes) Bronze force-pump dewatering the bilge-water
Medinet Habu 2 late Roman or Coptic Egypt Two saqiya pots MH2-Sq Medinet Habu 2 170 Medinet Habu 2 saqiya